China's Five-Year Plans are the central economic and social planning instrument of the Party-state. The 15th Five-Year Plan is being drafted now; it will be ratified at the 20th Central Committee's 5th Plenum in autumn 2026 and adopted by the National People's Congress in March 2027. Xi Jinping's January 20, 2026 speech to provincial and ministerial leaders — republished in Qiushi on April 30 — laid out the political-economic framing.
- Manufacturing modernization as the leading strategic task — not services, not consumption.
- High-level tech self-reliance in chips, basic research, AI infrastructure.
- New quality productive forces as the integrating economic doctrine, replacing real-estate-driven growth.
- Demographic response — aging, contraction, regional divergence as defining constraints.
- Higher-quality common prosperity — gradual, market-compatible, "not egalitarianism, not welfarism."
The closing 14th Five-Year Plan (2021–2025) is in its final operational year. Its themes — dual circulation, common prosperity, and the "30/60" carbon-peak / carbon-neutrality targets — carry into the 15th plan rather than restart.